Chapter 2 · Verse 63·Spoken by Krishna
क्रोधाद्भवति संमोहः संमोहात्स्मृतिविभ्रमः। स्मृतिभ्रंशाद् बुद्धिनाशो बुद्धिनाशात्प्रणश्यति
krodhād bhavati sammohaḥ sammohāt smṛiti-vibhramaḥ smṛiti-bhranśhād buddhi-nāśho buddhi-nāśhāt praṇaśhyati
From anger comes delusion. From delusion, memory fails. When memory fails, discernment is destroyed. And when discernment is destroyed, the person is lost.
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Sanskrit recitation by Swami Brahmānanda
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Convergence
his verse finishes a chain of ruin that the previous verse began, and the first link here is anger leading to sammoha. Sammoha means delusion, and the commentators define it precisely: it is the loss of the power to discriminate between what should be done and what should not be done. A person in this state no longer weighs right against wrong; as one reading puts it, he will simply do anything at all, swept along rather than choosing. So the danger of anger is not just that it feels bad. It is that it knocks out the faculty by which we tell a good act from a harmful one.
Braided from 9 commentators
Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Rāmānujācārya · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Swami Sivananda · Lokmanya Tilak · Śrī Puruṣottama · Śrī Bhāskara · Swami Ramsukhdas
From that delusion comes smriti-vibhrama, the wandering or slipping of memory. The commentators are specific about which memory is lost. It is the memory of what scripture and the teacher have taught: the impressions laid down by sound instruction, which fail to surface just when the occasion calls for them. In the devotional reading the same point is put as the loss of the remembrance of God. Either way, the teaching one had received is still there in principle, but at the decisive moment it does not rise to mind and so cannot guide action.
Braided from 7 commentators
Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Rāmānujācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama · Swami Ramsukhdas · Śrī Bhāskara
From the loss of memory comes buddhi-nasha, the destruction of the intellect or discerning faculty. The commentators explain this as the buddhi becoming unfit for its proper work, unable any longer to discern what should and should not be done. One commentator gives a vivid image: the intellect is cut down as a tree is felled. This is the structural turning point of the cascade. Once the guiding instruction can no longer be recalled, the very organ of judgment that depends on it collapses.
Braided from 8 commentators
Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Rāmānujācārya · Śrī Bhāskara · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Swami Ramsukhdas · Lokmanya Tilak
From the destruction of the intellect, the man perishes. The commentators read this not as bodily death but as the loss of what makes a human life worth the name. A person is fully a person only so long as the inner instrument can discern right from wrong; when it cannot, he is as good as dead, unfit for the human goal, the very purpose for which a human birth exists. The angry, deluded man even reviles his own teacher, which shows how completely the collapse undoes him. So the whole arc runs: from anger to delusion, from delusion to forgetting, from forgetting to the wreck of judgment, and from that wreck to a wasted human life.
Braided from 8 commentators
Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrī Ānandagiri · Rāmānujācārya · Śrī Bhāskara · Lokmanya Tilak · Swami Ramsukhdas
Several commentators stress that this is a concrete, observable description, not an abstract warning. An angry person loses discrimination and will say or do anything, acting irrationally, carried off by the impulse of passion and emotion. One commentator widens the diagnosis: kama (desire), krodha (anger), lobha (greed), and mamata (possessive attachment) each corrupt a person in their own way, desire veiling discernment, anger producing harsh words and unfit conduct even toward friends and elders, greed dissolving the sense of true and false until one cheats, and possessiveness replacing even-mindedness with partiality. The verse, on this reading, names a downfall anyone can watch happen.
Swami Sivananda · Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Rāmānujācārya · Swami Ramsukhdas
Divergence
Advaita Vedānta
These commentators are careful that the man's perishing is figurative, not literal. The self is eternal and cannot actually be destroyed, so an objection is raised directly: since the person is eternally established, how can he perish at all even when the intellect is gone? The answer is that, lacking the inner instrument fit to discern what is to be done and not done, the still-existing person is only spoken of as destroyed, because he has lost the discrimination of reality and the instrument for the human goal. The memory at stake is precisely the trace left by scripture and teacher, which fails to arise when needed; and the world itself says of such a man that he is as good as gone.
Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha
Viśiṣṭādvaita
This commentator reads the whole chain as the wreck of the spiritual effort in particular. The memory that is lost is the memory needed in the effort already begun toward mastery of the senses; the intellect that is destroyed is specifically the resolve made toward knowledge of the self; and the man's perishing means that he is once again sunk in transmigration and lost. So the verse describes not merely a moral collapse but a soteriological one: anger undoes the seeker's hard-won momentum and drops him back into the cycle of rebirth.
Rāmānujācārya
Dvaita
Working through the base commentary, this source rejects the obvious sense of sammoha as swoon or fainting because it does not fit the context, and reads it instead as a fixed desire for unrighteousness, a settled craving for what should not be done, having unseen adharma for its object and rooted in the sins that cause it. It glosses the wandering of memory as non-abiding, that is, destruction, and again meets the objection that the eternal self cannot perish. It also frames the passage's working logic: realizing that the chain of attachment and aversion brings undesired results such as hell, and that brooding on objects is its cause, one wards off the harm by removing the cause so that the whole sequence never arises.
Śrī Jayatīrtha
Śuddhādvaita
For this commentator the memory in question is specifically the remembrance of Bhagavan, and he notes its slipping with unusual precision: the lapse comes in the very next instant after a moment of remembering, so devotion is lost almost as soon as it is held. He reads the final perishing through the word's intensive force to mean that the fallen person no longer sets foot on the means again, that is, never returns to the path. The practical import he draws is direct: walk free of all thought on objects.
Śrī Puruṣottama
Kashmir Shaivism
Rather than dwelling on the chain of ruin, this commentator's words here turn to its positive counterpart, the way out. He holds that one is steady in wisdom only by actively governing the senses through the mind, not by mere non-engagement, and that the practitioner should sit holding the Lord as supreme and practise that supreme Lord alone, whose very self is consciousness. The emphasis falls on the remedy and the goal rather than on the descent the verse describes.
Ācārya Abhinavagupta
A Seeker Asks
If the self is eternal and cannot truly die, in what sense does an angry, deluded person actually "perish"?
The commentators raise exactly this objection themselves and answer that the perishing is not the destruction of the eternal self. The self remains; what is lost is the fitness of the inner instrument. A human being counts as fully human only so long as the buddhi can discern right from wrong, so when that discernment is gone the still-existing person is merely spoken of as destroyed, having lost the discrimination of reality and the very instrument by which the human goal could be reached.
Śrī Ānandagiri · Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Jayatīrtha
There is also a forward-looking sense of the loss. On one reading the resolve toward self-knowledge is what gets destroyed, so the person is once again sunk in transmigration and carried back into the cycle of rebirth. On the devotional reading the perishing means he never sets foot on the path again. In every case the point is the same: not that the soul is annihilated, but that this human life, with its rare chance to wake up, has been wasted.
Rāmānujācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama
Contemplation
Notice where this whole landslide starts. It does not begin with anger; anger is already far down the slope. It begins with turning away from God as your refuge and instead dwelling, over and over, on objects, taking the world as your support in place of the Supreme. From that repeated dwelling grows attachment, then craving, then anger when the craving is blocked, and only then delusion, forgetting, and the collapse of judgment. The practical hope in this is that the cure also lives at the top of the chain. If the downfall begins with not being devoted to God and dwelling on objects, then the remedy is to make God your refuge and turn your dwelling toward Him. You do not have to fight anger and delusion at the bottom of the slope, where you have already lost your footing. You catch yourself at the first link, in what you choose to dwell on, and the rest of the chain simply does not form.
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