Chapter 2 · Verse 62·Spoken by Krishna
ध्यायतो विषयान्पुंसः सङ्गस्तेषूपजायते। सङ्गात् संजायते कामः कामात्क्रोधोऽभिजायते
dhyāyato viṣhayān puṁsaḥ saṅgas teṣhūpajāyate saṅgāt sañjāyate kāmaḥ kāmāt krodho ’bhijāyate
When a person dwells on the objects of the senses, attachment to them arises. From attachment comes desire. From desire comes anger.
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Sanskrit recitation by Swami Brahmānanda
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Convergence
he verse traces a chain reaction that begins not with action but with a single mental act: dwelling on objects. 'Dhyayatah' means brooding, thinking again and again, on the things the senses reach, sound, sight, and the rest. From this repeated dwelling 'sanga' arises, which the commentators gloss as attachment, clinging, or fondness toward those objects. The point is that the mind itself starts the slide. You need not touch or chase a thing; you need only keep turning it over in thought, and the mind quietly grows fond of it.
Braided from 13 commentators
Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati Sūri · Rāmānujācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama · Śrī Bhāskara · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Sant Jñāneśvar · Swami Sivananda · Lokmanya Tilak · Swami Ramsukhdas
Several commentators stress that this verse answers a specific worry left over from the previous teaching: what happens to the person who has pulled his outer senses back but has not steadied the mind? Their answer is blunt. Restraining the eyes and ears is not enough. As long as the mind keeps brooding on objects, the restrained senses are pulled back to those very objects through the mind's fault, like a serpent whose fangs have been drawn but which is still dangerous. So the verse exists to show that mind-restraint, not merely sense-restraint, is what the path requires.
Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva
Attachment does not stay still; it ripens into 'kama', desire or craving. The commentators sharpen what this means. Fondness is mild, but craving is the heightened, intensified form: the wish 'may these be mine', the state in which a person can no longer remain at rest without enjoying the object. So desire is attachment grown up, attachment that has hardened into a need.
Braided from 11 commentators
Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Rāmānujācārya · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Swami Sivananda · Lokmanya Tilak · Swami Ramsukhdas
When this craving meets an obstacle, it turns into 'krodha', anger. The commentators are careful and concrete about the trigger: anger arises specifically when the desire is present but the object is withheld or blocked. The anger is directed at whatever or whoever stands in the way, with the thought 'by this my wish has been thwarted'. Some describe it as a blazing or burning of the mind that seeks to destroy the obstructor; some add that it spills over on every side, even onto people who do not deserve it, including one's own teachers and elders.
Braided from 14 commentators
Śaṅkarācārya · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati Sūri · Rāmānujācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama · Śrī Bhāskara · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Swami Sivananda · Lokmanya Tilak · Swami Ramsukhdas · Mahatma Gandhi
Many commentators read this verse as the opening rungs of a single descending ladder that continues into the next verse: dwelling leads to attachment, attachment to desire, desire to anger, and anger onward to delusion, loss of memory, ruin of the discerning intellect, and finally the person's own undoing. On this reading the whole point of 2.62 is to expose how a seemingly harmless first step, just thinking about objects, is the seed of total ruin, so that the danger is caught at its root.
Braided from 8 commentators
Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Dhanapati Sūri · Madhvācārya · Vallabhācārya · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Sant Jñāneśvar · Swami Ramsukhdas
Divergence
Viśiṣṭādvaita
This school grounds the whole chain in the person's spiritual condition: dwelling on objects becomes unavoidable for one whose passion for objects has not been cast out and whose mind has not entered into the Lord. The pull toward objects is traced to beginningless impressions of sin, so the verse describes not just a psychological slip but the working-out of a person's prior, deep-rooted tendencies. The remedy implied is therefore relational, the mind entering into the Lord, not mere willpower over the senses.
Rāmānujācārya
Bhakti
These commentators read the verse against the backdrop of devotion to the Lord. For the one of steady wisdom, subduing the mind is itself what subdues the senses, but the verse shows what befalls one who does not fix his mind on the Lord at all. They add that because such a person does not take refuge in the Lord, his mind is weak, and the objects fasten it to themselves; the verse therefore points beyond technique toward worship of the Lord as the real means of conquering the mind, and the final fall is described as plunging back into the round of birth and death.
Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva
Modern
This non-sectarian devotional reading frames the chain as a matter of where the soul takes its shelter. The soul has the Supreme on one side and the world on the other; when it gives up reliance on the Supreme it falls to relying on the world, and then the world is the only thing left to brood on, so brooding on objects is the natural result. This reading also widens the verse: craving is not only for sense-pleasures but for one's own honor and respect, so that anger flares wherever any cherished claim, even pride in one's caste, stage of life, or virtue, is obstructed, and at the root of every anger there is always some hidden attachment.
Swami Ramsukhdas
A Seeker Asks
If merely thinking about something is the first link in a chain that ends in ruin, is the path asking me to never let an object cross my mind at all, and is that even possible?
The verse does not target a passing thought but 'dhyayatah', sustained brooding, thinking on an object again and again. The danger named here is the mind that settles in and keeps dwelling, not the mind across which a sense-object briefly passes. So the call is to catch the circling, not to achieve an impossible blankness.
Śaṅkarācārya · Śrīla Baladeva · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha
It also helps to see why this is set so early. The commentators place this verse precisely to show that holding the outer senses still is not enough, because a restless mind drags the restrained senses back to their objects anyway. The real work, then, is steadying the mind, and the verse is a diagnosis of what goes wrong when that work is skipped, not a demand to police every fleeting image.
Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīdhara Svāmī
Finally, several commentators point past technique to a positive replacement: the mind that has entered into the Lord, or taken refuge in Him, is not left empty and weak before objects but is anchored elsewhere. On this view the answer is not to think of nothing, but to give the mind something worthier to rest on, so that objects no longer have a vacant mind to colonize.
Rāmānujācārya · Śrīla Baladeva · Swami Ramsukhdas
Contemplation
Watch where the slide actually begins. It does not begin with reaching for the object or even with wanting it. It begins one step earlier, in the quiet habit of dwelling on it, turning it over in the mind again and again. This is good news, because the earliest link is the easiest to interrupt. You do not have to win a war against a full-blown craving or a flash of anger; you can simply notice the mind starting to circle an object and decline to keep feeding the circling. Ramsukhdas adds a practical mirror for daily life: trace your anger back. Wherever you find yourself flaring up, look underneath it for the attachment that is really driving it, the honor you wanted, the respect you felt owed, the outcome you were clinging to. Seeing that hidden fondness at the root takes much of the heat out of the anger, and it shows you exactly which thread to stop pulling.
Sit with this · Swami Ramsukhdas
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