Chapter 6 · Verse 5·Spoken by Krishna
उद्धरेदात्मनाऽऽत्मानं नात्मानमवसादयेत्। आत्मैव ह्यात्मनो बन्धुरात्मैव रिपुरात्मनः
uddhared ātmanātmānaṁ nātmānam avasādayet ātmaiva hyātmano bandhur ātmaiva ripur ātmanaḥ
Lift yourself by yourself. Do not let yourself sink. The self alone is its own friend, and the self alone is its own enemy.
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Sanskrit recitation by Swami Brahmānanda
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Convergence
he whole work of this path is laid squarely on you. Krishna's command is plain: by the self, lift up the self; do not let the self sink. The first word here, atma (self), is read by most commentators in two roles at once. The self that is to be lifted is the embodied person, the jiva (the individual living being) caught in the round of birth. The self that does the lifting is one's own mind made discerning. So the verse is not telling you to wait for rescue; it is telling you that you are both the one drowning and the one who must pull yourself out. Shankara puts it as drawing the self, sunk in the ocean of transmigration, up by the self. Madhusudana names the lifting instrument as the mind endowed with discrimination. Many commentators stress that this lifting is precisely the climb into yoga (here, the settled, disciplined inner state) and that letting yourself sink is the failure to make that climb.
Braided from 16 commentators
Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati Sūri · Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Swami Sivananda · Lokmanya Tilak · Swami Ramsukhdas · Vallabhācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama · Ācārya Abhinavagupta
What lifts and what sinks is one and the same self, named twice according to which way it moves. This is the heart of the verse for the commentators. The self alone is the friend (bandhu) of the self, and the self alone is the foe (ripu) of the self. There is no second agent in either direction. Sridhara states it cleanly: there is no second agent in the lifting and no second agent in the sinking; the friend and the foe are the same self, named twice according to the direction of its movement. When the self is withdrawn from its clinging to objects it is its own helper; when it stays attached it is its own injurer. The direction makes the difference, not a change of person.
Braided from 11 commentators
Śaṅkarācārya · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Dhanapati Sūri · Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Swami Sivananda · Śrī Puruṣottama · Ācārya Abhinavagupta
The verse deliberately rules out any outside savior, and this restriction is exact, not loose. Several commentators raise the natural objection: surely a kinsman could lift one up, or an outer enemy could drag one down, so why say the self alone? The answer they give is twofold. First, no relative or friend, however loving, can free you from the round of birth; the bond of affection itself becomes a fresh tie of bondage, so a kinsman is, with respect to liberation, actually an adversary. Shankara says a kinsman is, with regard to liberation, an adversary, since he is a seat of the bonds of affection. Madhusudana adds that even a worldly relative, by the bond of affection, becomes a cause of bondage. Second, any outer foe who harms you is himself set in motion by your own self, so even the external enemy traces back to you. For these reasons the strict statement holds on both sides: the self alone is the kinsman, and the self alone is the foe.
Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Dhanapati Sūri · Swami Sivananda
What divides the friendly self from the hostile self is the state of the mind: a mind unattached to sense objects raises you, an attached mind drowns you. Several commentators read the two atma words specifically as the mind (manas). When the mind is conquered and withdrawn from objects it is the friend and works the lifting; when it is left attached and unconquered it is the foe and casts you back into the well of worldly existence. Baladeva even quotes the Smriti that for human beings the mind alone is the cause of bondage and liberation: attachment to objects leads to bondage, a mind free of objects leads to release. So the practical pivot of the verse is the mind's relation to the senses.
Braided from 9 commentators
Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika · Ācārya Abhinavagupta · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Swami Sivananda · Dhanapati Sūri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrīdhara Svāmī
Divergence
Advaita Vedānta
These commentators read the lifting self as the mind made discerning and the self to be lifted as one's own embodied being sunk in transmigration, and they press the restriction 'the self alone' on both sides with care. No kinsman serves for release, because affection itself is a bond; and even an outer harm-doer is set going by oneself. One source illustrates the self-caused enmity with a vivid image: the self enters the prison of attachment to objects like the silkworm that builds its own cocoon. Another adds the further mark of who counts as friend or foe: the self of one who has conquered and brought the body-mind aggregate under control is a friend, while for one of unconquered self the self behaves like an enemy. This source also explicitly notes and sets aside alternate readings (taking the second atma as the jiva, or the Lord, or the body, or the ego), holding that the natural reading suffices.
Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati Sūri
Viśiṣṭādvaita
These commentators read the verse tersely as mind upon mind: by a mind unattached to objects one lifts the self, by the contrary mind one lets the self sink, and the self (the mind itself) is both kinsman and foe. One source places the verse at the threshold between karma-yoga as climbing and yoga proper as the settled state, where what was external work now becomes internal. The candidate's task from here on is the work of mind upon mind, with the higher self as what is lifted and the mind as the lifter.
Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika
Dvaita
These commentators read the verse very briefly, taking its main point to be that the climb to yoga must be accomplished through effort and personal application. One source addresses why a duty of 'lifting up' is stated when one might expect yoga simply to be named: the very word 'ascent' shows that yoga is to be carried out fully and not abandoned midway. So for this school the verse functions chiefly as an injunction to sustained effort in yoga.
Madhvācārya · Śrī Jayatīrtha
Śuddhādvaita
These commentators stress that the self alone is the agent of its own lifting and that another's instruction is only a starter, a spark, never the engine; one source quotes the Bhagavata that he is no guru and no kinsman who fails to free the one who comes to him. Yet they also hold that the Lord's grace remains the inner lifter even while the jiva bears the burden. One source reads the lifting self as oneself in one's true form related to Purushottama (the Supreme Person), lifting the jiva out of works that imitate the Lord's play; the same inwardness becomes friend or foe according as it inclines toward the Lord's pleasure or back toward its own. So the asymmetry is marked: the jiva must do the lifting, while grace abides as the deeper support.
Vallabhācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama
Kashmir Shaivism
This commentator reads the verse as bearing on attentiveness in the buddhi (the discerning intellect) and identifies the self that lifts and sinks plainly as the mind alone, the sole means; there is no other means. The mind, when conquered, is a friend and works the lifting-up from the most terrible transmigration; when unconquered, it works enmity by casting one into a fierce hell. The whole weight thus falls on conquering the mind.
Ācārya Abhinavagupta
Bhakti
These commentators read the lifting self as the mind made discerning and stress that the lifting is up into discrimination and the steady recollection of Vasudeva, while the sinking is down into the mind's unchecked clinging to objects; one source quotes the Smriti that the mind alone is the cause of bondage and liberation. One source places the whole responsibility of the yogin's path within the yogin's own self, with no second agent in lifting or sinking. The Marathi source frames the teaching within nonduality: where the one being abides without a second, the soul, lying on the bed of illusion, falls into the sleep of ignorance and through the error of self-conceit about bodily existence becomes the cause of its own ruin.
Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Sant Jñāneśvar
Modern
These commentators carry the verse into practical and analytical terms. One source urges the reader to discipline the senses and mind, rise above worldliness, and treat the so-called worldly friend as in reality an enemy, since attachment to him binds one to samsara; it locates friends and enemies in the mind alone, naming the impure mind the real enemy and the pure sattvic mind the real friend. Another states plainly that a person should bring about his own emancipation and never discourage himself. A third reads 'lift the self' as raising oneself above the body, senses, mind, intellect, and even the localized sense of 'I' (I-pana), since all these belong to prakriti (material nature) and not to one's true svarupa (essential form). This source identifies a faculty of discernment (vichara-shakti) present in everyone, and shows how the practitioner of jnana-yoga, bhakti-yoga, or karma-yoga each uses that same faculty to lift himself up, so that one may do one's welfare by any path of yoga whatsoever.
Swami Sivananda · Lokmanya Tilak · Swami Ramsukhdas
A Seeker Asks
If no friend, teacher, or even God's grace can do the lifting for me, and I am the very self that keeps sinking, where does the power to pull myself out actually come from?
The verse is not saying you are powerless; it is saying the power is already yours and lies in the mind's direction, not in an outside rescuer. The same self that sinks is the self that lifts; nothing has to be added. What changes is the mind's relation to the senses: a mind withdrawn from objects raises you, a mind attached to them drowns you. That switch of direction is the whole lever, and it is within your reach.
Śrīdhara Svāmī · Rāmānujācārya · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Ācārya Abhinavagupta
The reason no friend or teacher can do it for you is not that help is forbidden but that affection itself becomes a fresh tie, and outer instruction can only start you, like a spark; it can never be the engine. So the responsibility being placed on you is actually good news: it means the means is never out of your hands.
Śaṅkarācārya · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Vallabhācārya
Concretely, the power is a faculty of discernment present in every person, which can be used on any path: dividing the inert from the conscious in knowledge, forming the bond 'I am God's and God is mine' in devotion, or offering the body and senses into the world's service in action. By the renunciation of the unreal the real is found, and the supreme that is your own is already in you, right now and right here, needing no external support to be reached.
Swami Ramsukhdas
Contemplation
Begin where this commentary points: notice what you have been leaning on. The body, the senses, the mind, the intellect, even the small localized sense of 'I' that flickers inside you, are all the work of prakriti, material nature; they are not your true self. To lean on them, to count them as necessary, to take them as your support, is itself the bondage you are trying to escape. So the lifting is not a strain to acquire something far off. The supreme that is your own is already in you, right now and right here; it needs no body or mind to be reached. What you have is a faculty of discernment, vichara-shakti, present in you as in everyone. Use it on your own path. If your path is knowledge, divide the inert from the conscious and settle into the conscious that you are. If your path is devotion, form the bond 'I am God's and God is mine.' If your path is action, take the body and senses you were given as belonging only to the world, put them into the world's service, and rest settled in your own form. By the renunciation of the unreal, the real is found; by any path of yoga whatsoever, with this faculty, a person can do his own welfare.
Sit with this · Swami Ramsukhdas
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