Chapter 4 · Verse 7·Spoken by Krishna
यदा यदा हि धर्मस्य ग्लानिर्भवति भारत। अभ्युत्थानमधर्मस्य तदाऽऽत्मानं सृजाम्यहम्
yadā yadā hi dharmasya glānir bhavati bhārata abhyutthānam adharmasya tadātmānaṁ sṛijāmyaham
Whenever righteousness declines and unrighteousness rises, then I manifest myself.
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Sanskrit recitation by Swami Brahmānanda
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Convergence
his verse answers a specific question that the previous verses left open: if the Lord is unborn, bodiless, and ever-present, then when and why does he appear to take birth? The commentators read 4.7 as Krishna's direct reply to exactly that question. Several note that the question is built into the structure of the passage, and that the doubled word 'whenever' (yada yada) is the answer's opening move.
Braided from 10 commentators
Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati Sūri · Vedānta Deśika · Vallabhācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva
The trigger for the Lord's appearing is a twofold condition that arises together: a decline of dharma and a rise of adharma. The commentators unpack the two key words plainly. 'Glani' means a flagging, a decay, a shrinkage, a wearing thin of dharma; 'abhyutthana' means a rising up, a growth, an increase, an ascendancy of adharma. Dharma here is widely glossed as what is enjoined by the Veda and marked by the duties of the four classes (varna) and four stages of life (ashrama) and their proper conduct, the means to the prosperity and the highest good of living beings; adharma is its Veda-forbidden opposite. The two move inversely, like the rising and falling pans of a balance.
Braided from 12 commentators
Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati Sūri · Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika · Śrī Bhāskara · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Baladeva · Swami Sivananda · Lokmanya Tilak
There is no fixed calendar for the descent. The repetition 'whenever, whenever' is read precisely as a denial of any timetable: the appearing is not pegged to a particular yuga, manvantara, or great cosmic cycle, nor is it set off by the merit and demerit of individual souls, but is triggered by the actual moral imbalance of the world in whatever moment it occurs. Wherever and whenever the equilibrium tips, in that very moment the descent answers.
Vedānta Deśika · Vallabhācārya · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Baladeva
When this condition arises, Krishna says, 'I send myself forth' (atmanam srijamy aham). The commentators stress that this is the Lord's own free act, by his own resolve, with no outside agency and no time that governs him. They also stress what the appearing is not: it is not an ordinary birth and not the fashioning of a new body, because the Lord and his body are already ever-accomplished and eternal. He merely displays or manifests himself as though created or born. Several anchor this in the reading that he projects the body by his own power while remaining what he always is.
Braided from 10 commentators
Śaṅkarācārya · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Dhanapati Sūri · Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika · Śrī Puruṣottama · Śrī Bhāskara · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Swami Ramsukhdas
Many read the address 'Bharata' (descendant of Bharata) as carrying a pointed hint to Arjuna, not as a mere filler. The most common reading is that Arjuna cannot bear the decline of dharma, so the name appeals to his own nature. Others add further hints: that Arjuna himself should not become a destroyer of dharma, that he too has come into the Bharata line for the establishing of dharma, and that just as Arjuna has appeared now for dharma's protection, so the Lord and his instruments appear at the proper time.
Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Dhanapati Sūri · Śrī Puruṣottama
Divergence
Advaita Vedānta
The descent is an appearance by maya, the Lord's own power of seeming, not a real birth of the changeless self. The Lord is described as bodiless and, in this reading, as the very mass of being, consciousness, and bliss who only behaves 'as if' embodied; he displays an ever-accomplished body as though newly created. One source here explicitly weighs and rejects the alternative gloss that the Lord literally creates an eternal body and merely shows it as new, raising the dilemma of whether that body is other than him or not, and limited or not; this guards the strict non-difference and changelessness of the self.
Śaṅkarācārya · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Dhanapati Sūri
Viśiṣṭādvaita
The descent is the Lord's real and deliberate self-projection by his own resolve (sankalpa), with no other agency and no time-rule, manvantara, or cycle governing him, and not provoked by the merit or demerit of souls. Crucially, the 'self' he sends forth is read not as the bare essential nature but as the self together with the descended divine form (avatara body); the Lord cannot bear even the faintest fading of dharma or the first bud of adharma, much less their full course.
Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika
Bhedabheda
Taking the verse with its sequel, this reading gives the plain glosses (decline and falling away of righteousness marked by the duties of class and stage; rising up and increase of unrighteousness) and frames the descent by its stated purpose: I come into being age after age for the protection of the good, the destruction of evildoers, and the firm establishing of righteousness.
Śrī Bhāskara
Śuddhādvaita
The descent is read as a movement of compassion from Bhagavan himself, taken together with the next verse on rescuing the good and destroying evildoers, not as a balancing of cosmic accounts. One source meets the worry that the Lord shows favoritism by curbing the wicked: as in a mother's caress and her striking there is no lack of compassion toward the child, so the regulator of merits and faults strikes only as a protecting mother's hand. The other source narrows dharma to bhakti and devotion to the Lord and adharma to the destroyer of knowledge, and reads 'I send myself forth' as the Lord bringing forth from his own self the souls (jivas) fit for his play (lila) and for knowledge (jnana), taking 'self' in the singular either as the supreme self or as a class-singular for all such souls.
Vallabhācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama
Bhakti
These devotional readings let a minimal gloss carry a large doctrine: glani is not a quiet weakening but a sickness in the limb of dharma, the wearing thin the Veda calls loss, and abhyutthana is the head of adharma actively lifted in challenge; where the two meet is the trigger, which fires again and again. The appearing has its occasion in the moral weather of the world, never in any need on the Lord's side, and gives the devotee the lens to read the whole history of the avataras as a history of such tippings restored. One source holds that the Lord, unable to bear the two, acts to reverse them, and cites the Advaita gloss that he merely shows his ever-accomplished body as though created by maya. Another stresses that he does not fashion himself anew, since he is already established beforehand. The Marathi voice frames it as the primeval order by which the world's spiritual structure is protected age after age, the Lord laying aside his uncreate essence and bidding farewell to his unmanifest being when evil seems to vanquish the good.
Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Sant Jñāneśvar
Modern
These readings keep the verse close to lived experience. One defines dharma as that which sustains and holds together and helps a person reach liberation and knowledge, with adharma as what drags one down into worldliness and ignorance, noting there is no exact English word for dharma. Another renders the verse plainly: whenever righteousness declines and unrighteousness becomes powerful, I come to birth. A third spells out the concrete shape of the decline: the tyranny of the faithless, the sinful, the wicked, and the strong over the loving, the righteous, the innocent, and the weak grows great, and good qualities and good conduct become scarce while bad qualities and bad conduct multiply; at every such hour the Lord sends himself forth, the descent being not a concession to time but the Lord's own faithfulness to the world he has made.
Swami Sivananda · Lokmanya Tilak · Swami Ramsukhdas
A Seeker Asks
If the Lord is unborn and bodiless, in what sense does he actually take birth, and is his coming a real entry into the world or only an appearance?
The commentators agree that this is not an ordinary birth and not the making of a new body. The Lord and his form are already ever-accomplished and eternal; he does not fashion himself anew, because he is established beforehand. What the verse calls 'sending myself forth' is his displaying or manifesting himself as though born, by his own free power, with no time or outside agency governing him.
Braided from 6 commentators
Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Dhanapati Sūri · Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika · Śrīla Baladeva · Śrīla Viśvanātha
On exactly how real the appearing is, the schools part ways, so the honest answer holds both. One reading treats the descent as an appearance by maya, the Lord's power of seeming, so that the changeless self only behaves 'as if' embodied while remaining untouched. Another reading insists the self-projection is genuine and deliberate, and that what he sends forth is his essential self together with the actual descended divine form, not a mere show.
Śaṅkarācārya · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika
What every reading shares is the why, which steadies the seeker more than the metaphysics: the coming is triggered by the world's real need, the decline of dharma and the rise of adharma, and never by any need on the Lord's side. It is his own faithfulness to the world he has made, his compassion falling like a mother's hand even when it curbs the wicked.
Śrīdhara Svāmī · Swami Ramsukhdas · Vallabhācārya
Contemplation
Carry this verse as a lens for reading the world and its long story. When you see righteousness wearing thin and wrongdoing rising up, you are looking at exactly the kind of moment this verse describes: the inner equilibrium of the world tipping, dharma flagging on one side and adharma lifting its head on the other. The promise here is that such tippings are not the end of the story; where the two meet, the trigger fires, and the descent answers. The whole history of the avataras can be read as one long history of such imbalances being restored. So the appearing is never a sign of any need or lack on the Lord's side; it is his response to the moral weather of the world. Let that steady you: the same faithfulness that has answered every past tipping is still at work.
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