Chapter 3 · Verse 40·Spoken by Krishna
इन्द्रियाणि मनो बुद्धिरस्याधिष्ठानमुच्यते। एतैर्विमोहयत्येष ज्ञानमावृत्य देहिनम्
indriyāṇi mano buddhir asyādhiṣhṭhānam uchyate etair vimohayatyeṣha jñānam āvṛitya dehinam
The senses, the mind, and discernment are said to be its seat. Through these it deludes the embodied self, veiling knowledge.
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Sanskrit recitation by Swami Brahmānanda
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Convergence
rishna names where the enemy lives. In the previous verses he called desire (kama) the great foe; now he says its seat, its dwelling-place (adhisthana), is threefold: the senses (indriyani), the mind (manas), and the intellect or understanding (buddhi). These are the rungs by which desire takes hold. The commentators line them up with the three layers of inner life: the senses are the powers that grasp sound, touch, form, taste and smell; the mind is the faculty of resolve or wishing (sankalpa); and the buddhi is the faculty of determination and judgment (adhyavasaya). Desire lodges in all three.
Braided from 11 commentators
Śaṅkarācārya · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Rāmānujācārya · Madhvācārya · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Lokmanya Tilak · Śrī Puruṣottama · Dhanapati Sūri · Sant Jñāneśvar · Śrīla Baladeva · Swami Ramsukhdas
Working through these seats, desire does two things in sequence: it covers over knowledge, and so it deludes the embodied one. The knowledge meant is discriminating knowledge, the power to tell the real from the unreal, the self from the not-self (viveka-jnana). Desire, busy through the senses' seeing and hearing and through the mind's wishing and the intellect's deciding, throws a veil over that discernment. Once discernment is veiled, the person who has a body (dehin) is bewildered: he is turned away from the self and pulled toward the enjoyment of objects. The 'vi-' prefix in vimohayati signals that this deluding happens in many ways, repeatedly and thoroughly.
Braided from 12 commentators
Śaṅkarācārya · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Rāmānujācārya · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Madhvācārya · Śrīla Baladeva · Śrī Puruṣottama · Dhanapati Sūri · Lokmanya Tilak · Mahatma Gandhi · Ācārya Abhinavagupta · Sant Jñāneśvar
The whole point of naming the seat is strategic: know where the enemy lives so you can attack and destroy him there. Several commentators compare Krishna to a wise general who first locates the foe's fortress. When you know the enemy's lodging, he is conquered with ease; an enemy whose ground is taken away perishes. So this verse is not abstract anatomy of the inner life. It is the map for the campaign against desire, and it sets up the next verse, where Krishna will tell Arjuna to begin by mastering the senses.
Braided from 9 commentators
Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Madhvācārya · Śrī Jayatīrtha · Swami Sivananda · Vallabhācārya · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Sant Jñāneśvar
Desire spreads through the inner being in a graded climb. It is not random: it enters first at the senses when they meet an object, then moves inward to the mind, and then to the intellect, gathering force as it rises. The same one enemy works through each ascending level, so its hold reaches every layer of the inner instrument. This graded picture is why mastering the senses first matters: cut the foe off at the gate and you starve the levels above it.
Ācārya Abhinavagupta · Śrī Puruṣottama · Sant Jñāneśvar
Divergence
Advaita Vedānta
Within this school there is an internal dispute over what the 'knowledge' that desire covers actually is. One reading takes that knowledge to be the very Self as pure consciousness, picturing awareness as a sky-clear mirror in which yogis can see what is hidden, distant, past or future; desire settles like dust on that mirror and so deludes the body-identifier, and even the bodiless yogi is faintly touched in the state after meditation. Another voice in the same school explicitly rejects reading 'knowledge' here as the conscious Self, holding instead that what is veiled is discriminating knowledge, and rejects the cit-Self reading for stated reasons.
Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati Sūri
Viśiṣṭādvaita
This school stresses that the embodied one whom desire deludes is the self as joined with matter (prakriti). Desire seizes a self that is by nature self-dependent and makes it dependent on the not-self: having grasped the independent self, it renders him bound, turned away from knowledge of the self and bent on the experience of objects. The buddhi is described as the faculty that mistakes what is not a true human goal for a true human goal, so the veiling is precisely a corruption of the self's sense of its real aim.
Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika
Dvaita
This school reads the verse closely as Krishna's answer to a question Arjuna did implicitly raise. Arjuna had asked which is stronger; from the two activities of desire it was not yet clear that the senses and the rest serve as its instruments, so Krishna spells it out. Though he says 'the senses,' the deeper teaching takes them as 'the intellect and the rest,' to mark the intellect's primacy among the seats. The naming exists for one purpose: the slaying of desire. An enemy whose lodging is stolen away can be made to perish.
Madhvācārya · Śrī Jayatīrtha
Bhakti
This school dramatizes the seat as a military stronghold. The senses, mind and intellect are desire's great impregnable royal capital and fortress, and the sense-objects, sound and the rest, are the king's provinces or outlying territories from which he draws supply. Desire becomes manifest precisely through the senses' seeing and hearing in those objects, and through the mind's resolve and the intellect's determination. The strategic upshot is explicit: conquer the strongholds and the conquest of the enemy becomes easy.
Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Sant Jñāneśvar
Śuddhādvaita
This school underlines that desire deludes by itself, but deludes far more once joined to the senses, mind and intellect as its own resorts; that compounding is what the 'vi-' prefix conveys. The one enemy works through ascending instruments, the senses then the mind then the intellect, and so spreads his sway through every level of the inner being.
Śrī Puruṣottama
Kashmir Shaivism
This voice gives the most vivid step-by-step trace of how desire (here shown through the kindred case of anger) climbs the seats. A foe seen by the eye first stirs the reaction in the seat of the sense itself, then it passes into the mind as intention, then into the buddhi as determination, and by that very route it generates delusion and destroys knowledge. The seat is not a static address but a moving pathway inward.
Ācārya Abhinavagupta
Modern
Among modern commentators one offers a distinctive fivefold map: desire is seen in five places, the objects, the senses, the mind, the intellect, and the assumed ego or 'I' (the agent), but in truth it abides in that assumed 'I,' the knot tying the sentient to the insentient, and from there casts its shadow over the other four. Others in this group keep close to the text's plain force: desire uses the senses, mind and reason as its fortress to put knowledge aside and throw the man into confusion, and the practical lesson is to attack the enemy where he lives.
Swami Ramsukhdas · Lokmanya Tilak · Swami Sivananda · Mahatma Gandhi
A Seeker Asks
If desire is lodged in the very senses, mind and intellect I think with, is there any 'me' left that is free of it, or am I simply its puppet through and through?
The verse is naming desire's housing, not your identity. Desire is called a tenant in the senses, mind and intellect; it is the foe that occupies these faculties, not the faculties themselves and not you. The whole reason Krishna locates the seat is so the enemy can be evicted and slain, which only makes sense if there is a 'you' distinct from the desire who can carry out the eviction.
Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhvācārya · Swami Sivananda · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī
What desire does is cover over discernment and so turn you away from the self toward objects; it veils, it does not erase. The self that is bewildered is described as one who had set himself toward knowledge of the self, and the deluding is reversible, which is precisely why a remedy is offered. You are the one in whom discernment is clouded, and the same one in whom it can be cleared.
Rāmānujācārya · Śrīla Baladeva · Śrīdhara Svāmī
You are not asked to win on every front at once. Because desire climbs in order, from the senses up to the mind and intellect, you can meet it at the lowest gate: master the senses first, and the mind settles and the intellect is freed of its own accord. Far from being a puppet, you hold the one position from which the whole campaign can be turned.
Sant Jñāneśvar · Ācārya Abhinavagupta · Śrī Puruṣottama
Contemplation
There is a clear order of attack, and it starts low. The senses are the gates where desire first enters and where it gives rise to action, so begin by conquering and controlling the senses. When you do, something quietly follows: the mind stops running about on its own, and the discerning intellect is set free. Then lust and anger lose all their support and footing. So you do not have to fight every level of your inner life at once. Guard the doorways of seeing, hearing, touching, and you cut off the supply line to the rooms above. This is offered not as despair at how deeply desire reaches, but as good news: there is a remedy, and it begins with something near at hand.
Sit with this · Sant Jñāneśvar
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